DS 

m 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 



c i c c < <x 
• C( ( crc ' • 

C c . £ - < 

. CO CC"' 
c cc. c< < - 
-c c c< c«ccc<l 
Lc co cc c« cc 
t cc crc^l 

•v c« C«£<€^ 



I cc. 



<Tc CC CaA 

ccccco. 
cc ccacc 

Vc C< <;<:<- 

cc Ccacc 
c < c % 



C CC.€ 
c cc « 
C re c: 

c cc 

c ccc 
c ccc 

C CC fT 

CCIC 



caC 

C cc C 

CCCCI 

cc 

c « «r 

c c 

cc: 
c c 
c <r~ 
X C 

CC 
c c 
c c 

cc 
cc 

' CC 



mm . 

a- <■< 
CC^C ' 

(g"«CC < 

c rc 

C I c 

c« « C 

Cv^CC 

c c c? c: 
C<Cu<fC, 

C<C<LC 
CCcaCC 



c c §£clfc c O-c 

C C C crc<C<C < C C^c.c 

C C c<mCCCc( C c « 

CC CC C<CC c C ' 

CC CO CCCC ( C 01 

cc cc ccccc c cc ' 
c cr € <£ (■■ ' c <k: c <t . cc* 

cc co ccccc c clg 

c c < cc c cc c < c c 

cc c« < c(<r;c< c c >c 



cc < c c 

CCCCi 



^c«<CC « 



- c Yc c *c cc <cc cc^ c^c 

cracc cc: ca cc« c <r 
rcccccc «. cc ceo ccccc c 

r^c#0 c c « <■ CC5LC c 
rwee;' cc C C C c ccc c c 

: fmm^ - cc c fe c cccc c 



c c c « y > > he:-. %.cccc:. «ar<^«~- 



^c^cccc 

It c JffC ^ c 



ill 

' ■ @ «C 



«v< < s f y< c c c 

i& C C 'aC C C.CV. V- r r 

^c cccc of. ^ c c ^ 

i^c C CC C >c V > c 

tec 



c c 
c c 
c c 



ccccc'ccc crcx^<r 
c^ccc^:.«jcc 



f -C c 
c < 

- C CC 
r :C/C 

? c c 

t CC 
C CC ( 
I c" C < 
LT. t C < 



C C C. 
CC C 

c c 

c c: 

ClC 

ccc 

c c 
o c 
c c 

c re 
c c 
cc 
<^c 



c dsS&cc C 
aC cc ^ : c 

c cf:^. c: 

c cc «^ / C 

c « CCC ■ C 
C C C0XC.. CS 

c: ccc m 

. < c c<< cc 

Sr c - cc., cc 
<Sr • c .cc cc 
(( (C - cc oc 



cc c 

■ - C C" c 



cc 
cc 
c c 

cc 
c c 

cc 

C C 

\'c C 

oc 

v cc 



<r .C<C<CC. 

C, f i£CC . 
c cc CCC 

iC; c<i <..cc < 

C ^C'Cd < 

<C ccccc .4 

< cc-: ccc 4 

c c < c 

as cc;^ _- € 

<C . C c ^ 

CC: C<C' 41 

id G:; 'C C €| 

c c cc ■ ^ 
C «C-<E 

. cc-.^ 
.C- cco -.^r ■ 

ess 

CO 
C Oi 
C CM 
C C«l 

■ ;i 'f 

CXC 

. c : c< 

... ccc 



ppa & Samaria, also to the Dead Sea. 



Henry foote, Feb? 1856. 




to N 1 * 

Hie Dead Sea, 




John ArjnmsmWi . 



REPORT OF A JOURNEY IN PALESTINE. 

• ^ :^: ( 

September 27, 1855. — Leaving Constantinople for Jaffa by the 
steamer, we stopped a short time at Gallipoli, the Dardanelles, 
Tenedos, Mitylene, Smyrna, Chio, Rhodes, Marsine, Alexandretta, 
Latakia, Larnaca in Cyprus, to land and take in goods and pas- 
sengers. 

October 7, Sunday. — Arrived at Beyrdt. 

October 9. — We stopped for a short time at Mount Carmel, and 
anchored off Jaffa at 3 p.m. 

October 10. — The Vice Consul arranged about engaging horses 
to take us to Jerusalem. He informed me that 150 okes or 
400 lbs. were a camel's load from Jerusalem ; the charge for 
carriage 25 piastres or 4s. 2d. per load. The charge for storage 
was 10 piastres or Is. 8d. per load for a reasonable time ; the 
season for shipping from Jaffa was from June to November, The 
principal imports were salt and manufactured goods ; the exports 
were cotton and grain ; population 25,000. I left Jaffa at 4 p.m. 
and passed between hedges of prickly pears, protecting orange- 
trees loaded with fruit, for some distance ; the soil appeared to be 
red sand, and where rock showed it seemed to dip to the east. The 
ground rose gradually until we came to Ramleh at 7 P.M., where 
we rested at the house of the Consular Agent. 

October 11. — I left Ramleh at 1*30 a.m., and rode over culti- 
vated ground : at 4 a.m. we began to ascend the mountain-pass ; 
the rock was limestone, dipping about 8° to 10° w. ; we reached 
the summit at 6*30 a.m., passed the village of Abii Gosh, and a 
church in ruins at 7 a.m., as we descended on the e. side of the 
mountain. At 7*30 we reached a spring, where the limestone had 
a slight dip to the e. ; we then crossed another hill of limestone ; 
passed over a stone bridge, near the village of Kulonia, and 
arrived at Jerusalem at 10*30 a.m. By aneroid the bottom of 
Hezekiah's Pool was 2064J ft. above the level of the Medi- 
terranean. Bedouins came with camels loaded with raisins, very 
large and luscious ; also carbonate of potash from the district 
of Salt to the east of the Jordan. 

October 17. — At 7*30 a.m. I felt three smart shocks of an earth- 
quake at Jerusalem. At 3 p.m. I went to meet Mr. Consul Finn 



2 



Poole's Report of a Journey in Palestine. 



returning from his tour, and accompanied Mr. Graham on his way 
to Damascus, as far as Nablus. We rode out at the Bethlehem 
Gate ; over Scopus, by the base of Mount Gibeon, through 
Ram- Allah, and camped at Birch. Limestone* rocks prevailed the 
whole way, and a good deal of the country was cultivated in 
terraces. 

October 18. — I got some shelly limestone before leaving Bireh. 
The rock on the top of the hill was nearly flat, slightly inclined to 
the E. ; large cleared spaces are used for threshing-floors. In an 
hour and a quarter we arrived at Bethel, where is a large pool in 
ruins, also a tower. On the top of the hill were large masses of 
blue limestone with shells. An hour later we passed near Ain-y- 
Borek, where the mountain-road was by the side of a precipice ; 
the mountain appeared to have been split, for the stratification on 
both sides of the ravine corresponded. Another hour's ride 
brought us to Ain-el-hara-mich, or the Robbers' Spring, in a 
narrow defile. The perpendicular rocks were curiously marked, as 
if by torrents of water, by deep longitudinal grooves up to their 
summit. We passed the Khan-el-Liban, then rode over an 
extensive plain, near to Burin, and reached Nablus at 7*30 p.m., 
situated on the e. side of Mount Gerizim, whence it is well sup- 
plied with springs of water. 

October 19. — I went to the top of Mount Gerizim, and during 
the ascent got nummulitic limestone ; in some parts the rocks had 
been in a liquid state, for one kind had overflowed and encased 
another. By aneroid, the summit was 241 2i ft. above the Medi- 
terranean, and 1274 ft. above Nablus, to which we returned 
at 7 p.m. 

October 20. — I rode to Samaria, passing through a great deal 
of fertile, well-watered country, and observed that the springs of 
Nablus were the summit sources of streams flowing both ways, 
to the Jordan and to the Mediterranean. Most of the way 
between Nablus and Samaria is covered with masses of flint, 
called by the inhabitants chalcedony. The hill of Samaria is 
composed of limestone.* The land appears to be fertile, and I 
saw a great many mistletoes on the olive-trees ; indigo and sesame 
were also grown in the valley. 

October 22. — I left Nablus in company with Mr. Finn at 
9*20 a.m., and visited Jacob's Well and the tombs of Joseph and 
Eleazar ; the rocks were everywhere limestone ; we reached 
Bireh at 8 p.m., where we camped for the night. 

October 23. — We left Bireh at 9 a.m. and returned to Jeru- 
salem, t 

* The Mediterranean Sea bore s. 61° w. I Mount Ebal s. 48° e. 

Mount Gerizim s. 33° e. | Variation 10° w. 

f Dr. M'Gowan, of the British hospital at Jerusalem, has registered the rain for 
some years, and found 108 inches the greatest quantity in any one year. 



Poole'.? Report of a Journey in Palestine. 



3 



October 24. — I called on the Consul, and arranged through him 
with Mattien Fadlalleh for horses, tents, and provisions for the 
Dead Sea ; he also sent a messenger to Abu Daouk, sheikh of 
the Djahalins, for a guard, as we had to pass through his territory ; 
also sent to Elijah Mashallam to ask him to accompany me, and 
act as interpreter. 

October 25. — I visited the tombs and other remarkable sites 
around Jerusalem, while waiting for the arrival of the guard of 
Arabs. 

October 26. — At 8 45 a.m. I left Jerusalem and rode through 
Bethany : the limestone dipped about 15° to the e. At 11*05 the 
road to Jericho branched off to the e. We soon after passed near 
the ruined Khan-el-Lachme, where white nodules with black flint 
in the centre were thickly strewed about. At 11*45 we passed 
Durbez-zuar; saw Tirb-rearche to the e. At 12*30 came to 
the junction of valleys Dubbak and Cavern of Hiram-em-Dowrah ; 
the cisterns in limestone were dry. Thence we rode s.e., and 
ascended a hill where chalk was vertical with a yellow tinge ; 
strike n.n.w. and s.s.e. The road was through barren hills and 
steep ravines, and at 1*15 p.m. we passed a curious pinnacle of 
sharp broken rocks ; at 1*45 we crossed a ridge, where thin layers 
of sandstone alternated with the chalk ; and a little farther on, the 
hills were covered with red clay, and we reached Nebi Musa * at 
2*05 r.M., which by aneroid was 2495 ft. below Jerusalem, and 
329J ft. below the level of the Mediterranean. The soil smelt 
very strong of sulphur, the rocks dipped to the n.w., and I got 
specimens of limestone of an oolitic structure, also of a seam of 
bituminous and calcareous limestone, with pectens about 6 in, 
thick, of which bowls, seals, Sec. are made. Thermometer was 
89° Fahr. in the tent at 3 p.m. 

October 27. — I left Nebi Musa with a single Arab at 4 a.m, 
to ride to the Dead Sea — said to be three hours distant. I reached 
the shore in an hour and a half. We rode through steep winding 
defiles : the ground sounded harshly under the horse's feet. 
Thermometer in air 70°, in the Dead Sea 82°, and fell to 64° 
Fahr. in drying. I waded in to a depth of 4 ft, where I filled a 
bottle with the water, and got a specimen of clay and bituminous 
stone ; this was near the island as marked on the maps, but which 
I found to be a promontory with a few dead shrubs encrusted with 
salt upon it. The water was beautifully clear and calm. The 
line of drift-wood was 4 ft. above the present level of the sea ; 
rounded pebbles of different kinds formed the beach ; but I could 
not find either sulphur, nitre, or bitumen. By aneroid the sea was 
131 3 J ft. below the Mediterranean, and 3450^- ft. below Jeru- 



* A hard fawn-coloured limestone, shelly, and full of fragments of bone ; also 
nuculge and lima in limestone. 

b2 



4 Poole's Report of a Journey in Palestine. 



salem. My Arab guide did not like me to remain long, as seven 
Arabs of another tribe came from the Jordan to see who we were. 
We left the shore of the Dead Sea at 6*30 a.m. ; crossed the first 
ridge at 6*50 ; passed over what I thought might have been the 
original level of the old plain at 7*15, and 532J ft. above the Dead 
Sea. At 7 - 30 we reached the top of the mountain, 1025 ft. above 
the Dead Sea, and we got back to Nebi Musa at 7*50, having 
been only 1*20 hour in returning. I left Nebi Musa at 9*30 a.m., 
and arrived at Jerusalem at 2-45 p.m., so that a person might 
easily go in 6i hours from Jerusalem to the Dead Sea by this 
route. In the evening I arranged with Abu Daouk, that the 
number of the guard was not to exceed 12 men, at 10 piastres 
each per diem, and 20 piastres per diem for himself and horse. 

October 28, Sunday. — Adam Bek, deputy Pasha, called on me : 
he was much interested with the aneroid, and anxious for a railroad 
to be made to Jerusalem. 

October 29. — I left Jerusalem at 10 "30 a.m., and rode by way 
of Bethlehem to Urtas, where Elijah Mashallam joined me. This 
valley is very fertile, being watered by the Pools of Solomon, 
which we passed at 1*30 p.m. By aneroid the aqueduct was 81 ft. 
above the bottom of the Pool of Hezekiah in Jerusalem. The 
ground kept rising until we reached Khan Cull at 545 p.m. We 
arrived at Hebron at 6*30 p.m., where we encamped. Wolves, 
jackals, boars, foxes, badgers, and porcupines abounded. A great 
deal of land is cultivated, and large vineyards were near the town. 

October 30.— We had to remain all day to enable the muleteers 
to get barley, water, and other articles for the journey. I went 
to see a tree called Abraham Oak, 23 ft. in circumference, near 
which I got two fossil shells. We afterwards rode to visit the 
ruins of Rama, on the plain of Mamre, and passed by the e. side 
of Hebron, where the limestone was nearly level, dipping slightly 
to the s.e. At 2 p.m. we passed by Ain-es-Lin, where I got fossil 
shells much crushed. The ruins at Rama measured 214 ft. from 
e. to w., by 165 ft. n. to s. ; the walls were 5 ft. 10 in. thick, of 
shelly limestone. 

October 31. — We left Hebron at 8*15 a.m. and rode nearly S., 
and at 9*45 passed the ruins of Ziph, about 1 m. off on our left. 
At 10*30 I visited the ruins of Em Sirkan, which must have been 
a large city ; soon after, going due s., we passed other ruins, and 
came to Birket-el-Kurmel at 12, where there is a ruined tower, 
extensive ruins, and a large pool filled up with dirt ; but a good 
spring of water in a cave on the n. side of the pool. From El 
Kurmel we travelled e., and at 1 p.m. came to a well at Tawana, 
then crossed a ridge, and descended into a plain on a s.e. course, 
with a dry water-course and rocky sides ; at 1*45 p.m. we crossed 
another ridge, and at 2 p.m. reached the encampment of the 
Djahalins, consisting of about 70 long tents made of goats' hair 



Poole's Report of a Journey in Palestine. 



5 



Our baggage did not come up until 4 p.m., so we had to camp there. 
There were not any trees or shrubs on the route, after having 
left Hebron ; the rocks of limestone continued unchanged. 

November 1. — We left the camp of the Djahalins at Tawan at 
9*15 a.m., and rode s. till 10*15, when we came to a well and 
watered our horses ; we left at 11 a.m., and rode on a s.e. course 
till 12*25, when we came to the valley of Drippings (Wadi 
Mahras of Lynch), where chalk showed in several places overlaid 
by limestone. At 1*40 p.m. we came to a ridge where I got 
a view of the Dead Sea ; at 2*10 p.m. we reached Ermele, where 
I had a good view of the s. end of El Lisan, or the Peninsula, 
and the s. bay of the Dead Sea ; we then descended a steep bank 
to a dry brook, then rose again and crossed a ridge at 3 p.m. with 
a high mountain (Masada) on our left. The country was quite 
barren the whole way, and very hot. At 3*23 we came to a plain, 
where the sheikh wanted to camp, but I thought it too early in 
the day, and pushed on until 4*30, when we camped at the Bed of 
the Dervish. Picked up a small piece of lava. 

November 2. — We left the camp at 8*10 a.m. and rode on a s.e. 
course ; at 9 a.m. we passed a large Talkha tree, and then rode 
through a defile, called the " Bazar Pass ;" the rock looked like 
cinders of sulphur. At 9*40 we passed what appeared to be 
an old crater : the rocks dipped n., s.w., and s.e. At 11 a.m. 
we came to the top of the ridge Nejeb. We now descended 
rapidly by a winding path, and at 11*45 passed a ruined 
tower called El Zuereh, and at 12*35 pitched our tents on the 
plain of Usdum. The temperature in the tent was 90°. The 
horses had to go to Em Berghek for water, and did not return until 
5 p.m., so we were not able to ride anywhere. I walked down 
to the shore of the Dead Sea, and got a bottle of the water, 
temperature 83° ; it was not so clear as at the north end, but was 
more saturated with brine. Crystallized salt extended 40 yards 
in width from the water's edge, and the line of drift-wood was 70 
yards distant. I picked up crystallized spar and saw a flock of 
about 30 black and white birds, swimming in a line and diving 
out in the water. I found no shells upon the shore. We passed a 
hole where a camel had fallen through the encrusted sand, which 
was about 60 ft. above the present level of the sea. Many parts 
sounded hollow, as if there were subterranean watercourses. 

November 3. — We rode to the Cave of Usdum, which I found 
was about midway of the length of the mountain, and on the east 
or side next to the sea. Rock salt was visible all the way along 
in the mountain side with limestone overlying it, with a general 
dip of 45° w. The rocks of the cave were composed of large, 
loose, broken masses, so we could not penetrate far ; but I was 
told by the Arabs as well as the tent men, who had been along 
with De Saulcy, that we had penetrated farther than other travel- 



6 



Poole's Report of a Journey in Palestine. 



lers, as no one previously had observed the long stalactites of salt 
which I discovered ; and yet by measurement I had not gone over 
200 ft. in a direct line into the cave. I also observed that there 
was a current of air passing into the cave and ascending towards 
the roof where the stalactites were, so I had no doubt but there 
was a communication with the top of the mountain at that place. 
I got spar above the rock salt, but could not find any nitre. 
Marshy ground at the south end of the Dead Sea had a red ap- 
pearance, but the mud was too soft for any person to walk upon it. 
On returning to our camp, I saw a flock of nearly 100 black wild 
fowl, diving and flapping their wings in the Dead Sea, and I could 
not but think that both the flocks had been feeding at the time. 

November 4, Sunday. — We attempted to ascend Mount Usdum 
from the west side, and went up a water-course to a height of 
270 ft. by the aneroid, when I found the side so steep and full of 
fissures, that I did not like to proceed for fear of breaking my in- 
struments ; there were pinnacles of salt in every direction. The 
highest point must be 400 ft. above the Dead Sea. At 10 a.m. 
we left Usdum and rode along the western shore ; I saw many 
dead trees standing in the Dead Sea for some distance from the 
shore in the bay. At 10*45 we came to a brine spring, tempera- 
ture 90°, about 100 yards distant and 30 ft. above the level of 
the sea. It spread over some extent of ground where the kali 
plant grew freely. At the drift line and a few yards from the 
Dead Sea, to which there was a free communication by the 
running stream, I caught several little fish* from half an inch to 
one and a quarter inch in length ; I therefore think there must be 
fish in the sea from whose spawn these little ones had been pro- 
duced. The same kind of fish, some three inches long, were 
afterwards seen in the " Spring of the Morass " near the north 
end of the sea, but none could be found in any of the brooks 
running into the sea upon the west or south shore. A duck came 
flying across the sea to this spot just as we left it, most likely to 
feed there. A number of camels came to Usdum for salt ; the 
Arabs get 60 piastres or 10s. per load of 500 lbs. at Jerusalem, 
the purchaser paying the Turkish Government a duty of 15 
piastres per load additional. A camel could not make more than 
24 trips in a year under favourable circumstances. 

November 5.- — We left Usdum at 8*45 a.m., passed the Cave 
at 10 a.m., and rode south until we came to the end of Usdum ; 
we then crossed at 1110 a brook, dried up in places, from which 
the Arabs, at present, collect their salt. Thence we rode s.e. 
across a marshy plain without a sign of vegetation. The road is 



* These fish have been sent, through the British Museum, to Sir John Richardson, 
who has named them Lebras, or Cyprinodum Hummonis, and who has promised 
to describe them. Cuvier describes similar fish as being found in the Red Sea. 



Poole's Report of a Journey in Palestine. 



7 



not passable in wet weather. I passed 11 dry brooks and stopped 
at 1*2-15, near the rank growth of reeds on the eastern side of 
the plain, until the baggage-mules came up. A very white range 
of mountains continued s. from Usdum, and a countless number 
of conical hills covered the plain to the s. I saw the mountain 
of Petra in the distance, but could not distinguish any opening in 
that direction. Just as we were passing through the belt of reeds 
we were attacked by a band of Bedouins (45 of the Beni Orkbe 
tribe) armed with spears and pistols : fortunately they could not 
use the former among the tall reeds, which gave time for a 
parley. One of my guards belonged to the Tamari tribe, 
friendly with the Beni Orkbe. They recognised each other, and 
he told them that my party was under the protection of his tribe, 
the Tamari ; they therefore agreed to let us pass without moles- 
tation. They had threatened at first to shoot Abu Daouk, as he 
was at war with them, and had stolen a number of their camels ; 
one had thrown his spear at me, which luckily fell short ; another 
rode up and took hold of the muzzle of my gun, which I then 
turned towards his body ; upon which he left hold of it and rode 
off. It thus turned out that we were fortunate in having engaged 
the Tamari. The Beni Orkbe dismounted and piled their spears 
while we rode past them. We gave some of them a little tobacco. 
This encounter detained us until 1*30 p.m., when we passed 
along through a variety of trees and shrubs and cultivated patches 
of ground. At 2*30 p.m. we crossed three small brooks of swiftly 
running water not far from each other, called by the Arabs " Ain 
es Ashkha," and at 3 p.m. came to a large encampment of the 
Ghoranhi : the plain being called Ghor. A sirocco at night first 
filled our tent with sand, and afterwards blew it down. 

November 6. — A calm morning. A ruined tower called Kasar- 
Aswad was on the mountain side, opposite to the tents. We 
started at 10 a.m. and rode through a very large plantation of 
maize, and travelled by the lower or shore road. After passing 
the cultivated lands near the river Ashkha, we crossed a stagnant 
brook, and rode along the side of a bay with very little saline in- 
crustation ; we then passed large boulders of conglomerate, after- 
wards boulders of red sandstone, of which some had black veins 
and others red or yellow veins running through them. At noon 
we reached the north side of the bay, where a point of land juts 
out into the sea, about 2 m. across ; it was covered with mimosa 
and other trees near the base of the mountains, while the other 
parts were covered by bushes or rank vegetation. We then rode 
along another bay close to the water's edge, which washes the base 
of the mountain. The rocks here showed a horizontal stratifica- 
tion in a line parallel to the shore, having a dip to the east. The 
highest ridge had a red tinge, the next ridge was of a dark brown 
colour, while at their base were one or two appearances of chalk. 



8 



Poole's Report of a Journey in Palestine. 



A great many places appeared like extinct craters, and the whole 
line of mountains was full of rents and sharp points. At 1 p.m. 
we rode across a second point with a number of mimosa trees on 
it, and near them some ruins. I noticed two stones which had been 
hewn and dressed ; farther on were numerous lines of foundations 
as of an extensive town. The tomb of the Sheikh Salakh, or 
" Peace," was also on the point. He is the patron saint of the 
Bedouins, who still sacrifice at his tomb before going on their pre- 
datory excursions. At 1'20 p.m. we rode through loose rocky 
ground, which was furrowed by the winter rains. Two brooks 
were still running. We then rode round another bay, and at 3 p.m. 
we came to the south side of the peninsula, El Lisan, or the 
" Tongue." This was the spot where Ibrahim Pasha fought the 
four tribes of Bedouins, viz. : Beni Orkbe, Beni Suchke, Beni 
Hamide, and Kerak. Ibrahim is said to have lost 20,000 men in 
the battle and among the mountain passes, and the Bedouins to 
have lost only 7,000 men. He did not subdue them. We next 
passed the Pool or Birket el Ketme, which measured 82 ft. square 
and 11 ft. deep to the mud. It had been plastered inside, and the 
first coat had been scored for the better adhesion of the second. 
Traces of an aqueduct and other buildings still remained : this was, 
no doubt, the site of an ancient city, but not so large as the 
one near Sheikh Salakh's tomb. I picked up a number of shells 
of Turritella in the pool. I then rode east across the peninsula ; 
the soil appeared sulphurous, and was full of small hillocks and 
dry water-courses. At 4*15 p.m. we came to a small swift running 
stream, " Wadi el Deraah," flowing down into the bay formed 
by El Lisan. On our right on the main land, we observed ruins 
which are called Khirbe tawarken-el Suker, or ruins of the sugar 
mills, which would indicate that sugar-canes had been formerly 
grown there. At 4*30 p.m. we came to another settlement of the 
Ghoranhi, who were more numerous and uncivilized than those at 
the first Ghor. Few of them, even men, had on more clothing 
than a strong cotton shirt. They mentioned that a shock of an 
earthquake had been felt three days before ; it was also felt at 
Jerusalem. 

November 7. — The Beni Orkbe returned with thirty-five camels, 
which they had stolen from a village on the west side of Usdum, 
and coolly said that they had shot two men and a woman of the 
Assaymis tribe, who had resisted them. They had not fed or 
rested their horses since they parted from us at the Ghor, and now 
killed a camel, upon which they feasted ; and our Arabs gladly 
accepted their invitation to join them. At 10*30 a.m. I left the 
camp with Elijah Mashallam, the Ghor Sheikh, and one mounted 
Arab, to explore the Peninsula. We passed a mound, which we 
were told was an old grave ; saw the tracks of gazelles on the 
sand ; and at 1115 we reached the s.w. corner of the Cove. The 



Poole's Report of a Journey in Palestine. 9 



stratification of the hills of El Lisan was nearly horizontal, with a 
slight dip to the east. At noon we found a great many dead locusts 
lying on the beach ; I also got specimens of spar and thin shales 
dipping s.e. about 5°, which continued nearly the whole way to 
the north point of El Lisan, which we reached at 12 "40, and where 
I took the bearings of several places ;* filled a bottle with water from 
the Dead Sea, which was, at least, half a mile from the foot of the 
hill. There was not any break through the range of hills, as indi- 
cated by the map. I got a few specimens of sulphur and some 
botryoidal limestone. At 1 20 p.m. we left and rode along on the 
west side of the Peninsula ; a ridge of rocks and breakers showed 
for some distance out in the sea from the north end, until we came 
opposite to Sebbeh, where they again united with the shore. There 
I saw three ducks settle in the water and swim along, as if feeding 
at the edge of the surf. At 2*45 p.m. I saw seven other ducks 
sitting on the edge of the shore. We tried but could not get 
within shot of either lot, which appeared to be smaller than those 
we had previously seen. At 3 p.m. our horses scrambled up the 
south end of the sulphur hills, and we reached the table- land 
at 3-30, where the aneroid made the height about 230 ft. above the 
Dead Sea ; the banks of the ravines were nearly perpendicular, and 
at the base of them I observed the ends of trees sticking out as if 
it had formerly been a line of drift-wood. Two large circular 
depressions were observable on the table-land, and I noticed that 
there was a hole at the root of almost every shrub. The whole 
way was full of holes and cracks, down which rain would run, and 
the surface appeared covered with a sulphurous crust, beneath 
which the soil was of a soft chalky colour, and of a loose sandy 
nature. The ridge was about 2 m. wide, but is wearing away 
annually on both sides. We returned to the camp at 5 p.m. I 
only got two or three small bits of asphalt, and not any nitre : 
jackals were howling all night. The Sheikh of the Beni Orkbe 
wanted to escort us to Kerak and the river Arnon ; and when he 
found that we were not going there he demanded backshish, and 
Abu Daouk gave him 100 piastres to prevent him from bringing 
down the other tribes upon us ; we also promised to return at once 
to the west side of the Dead Sea. 

November 8. — Thermometer 72° at 6*45 a.m. Some one had 
stolen my hammer as it hung on my saddle, and I complained to 
the Sheikh ; but it was too great a prize to be given up again. 
We left the Ghor camp at 9T5 a.m. and rode to the ruins of the 
Sugar Mills, or Kherbet tawarken-el Suker, and of which I took 
the measurement. A fine stream was flowing alongside ; the ruins 



Mouth of river Arnon . . N. 30° e. 

, , Callirhoe n. 20° e. 
Engedi Point .. .. n. 12° w. 



Frank Mountain . . . . n. 20° w. 
Birket el Khalil . . . . n. 54° w. 



10 



Poole's Report of a Journey in Palestine. 



lay within the range of the mountains and cover a large area, so 
that it must have been the site of a very populous city. We left 
at 11 a.m., having sent the baggage on in advance. At 11*40 we 
passed the pool, and at 12*25 came to the bay at the south side of 
El Lisan ; we then crossed a point of land, and at 12*42 came to 
a second bay, where we rode close to the water's edge. At 1*30 p.m. 
we crossed two brooks of good running water, with oleanders 
blooming on their banks. At 1*40 p.m. we came to the Sheikh's 
tomb and the ruined tower, where a party of twelve Bedouins had 
posted themselves. They declared war against Abu Daouk, and 
threatened to fire ; he talked boldly to them, although there were 
only five of us with him at the time, and we passed on without 
molestation. We got back to the first Ghor encampment at 
3*35 p.m. I picked up samples of rock, which had apparently rolled 
down from the mountains of Moab. 

November 9. — Up at 3 a.m. packing ; thermometer 60° at 6 a.m. 
A very small grey-breasted honey-bird flew into the tent. We 
started from the Ghor at 8*10 a.m. I got some flowers and seeds 
from the osher-trees ; also some black locusts, with yellow spots 
(Petasia), which were resting upon them. We passed the three 
streams at 8*36 a.m., and rode through the reeds, where we had 
been attacked by the Bedouins, at 9*24 a.m. All were glad to get 
out into the open plain, which we rode across. At 11*30 a.m. I went 
into a cave of Usdum, where were immense blocks of rock salt, but 
I could not find any nitre. Soon after we passed the principal 
cave, and reached the north point of Usdum at 12*55. The sea 
had very sensibly receded from the shore since we were there, and 
I should think had lowered a foot in perpendicular height. Arabs 
were collecting salt from the beach. We reached Em Berhek at 
2*35 p.m., where many rows of large and heaped stones showed the 
remains of an extensive city. There were two pools : one measured 
33 X 54, 6 X 8 ft. deep, and had five steps at the north corner ; the 
second pool measured 38.3 X 39, 9 X 8.6 deep. The latter did 
not appear to have been square. There were the remains of a fort 
on the north or opposite side of the ravine. The brook wound 
through the rocks, and about a quarter of a mile inland there was 
a fall of 10 or 12 ft., from which point there had formerly been 
an aqueduct leading to the pools. Here I found a crab * and some 
fresh- water shells.! It thundered and kept very hot at night, being 
83° in the tent at 10*15 p.m. 

November 10. — I took the measurement of the ruined fort. Abu 
Daouk told me that when a boy he had crossed over to El Lisan 
from this point on a camel. We left at 10*15 a.m., and very soon 
afterwards had to leave the shore, as the mountains came directly 
into the sea, and there was no beach to ride along ; we had to 



* Thelphusis. 



t Melanopsis, Buccinum. 



Poole's Report of a Journey in Palestine. 



11 



travel along a very bad path, about 200 ft. above the level of the 
sea. At 11*30 we passed over a hill, where the rocks dipped n.w. 
about 30°. We then descended on to an extensive plain, with 
some mimosa trees growing on it, which is marked on the map as 
the point of the occasional ford. At 11*48 a.m. we passed the dry 
Wadi-Em-Dun, or Wild Goats, which must sometimes be a torrent, 
from the size of the rolled stones in it. At 2*23 p.m. we were 
parallel with the ruins of the Sugar Mills, among masses of broken 
rocks, and some horizontal strata of the same kind of sulphurous 
limestone as on El Lisan, which spread over an immense area, full 
of fissures with steep sides. I should imagine that they had been 
made by earthquakes, and afterwards the rain had carried down 
the loose soil from their sides : some hills appeared like round 
towers. We rode between them and the mountains, the sides of 
which were nearly perpendicular, and their summits some 1000 ft. 
above us. At 2*40 p.m. we came to Wadi Sebbeh, where there 
were extensive ruins on both sides of the Wadi, with indications of 
pools on its northern bank. The remains of walls, with towers at 
certain distances running parallel to the mountain, were easily 
traced ; # also the walls of buildings, with square sides, spreading 
over the plain. I observed that the convulsions of nature had taken 
place just along the line of the west wall, which remained on the 
upper level, while all inside of the supposed town had been sunk 
down to a lower level. At 3*15 p.m. we camped at the foot of the 
pathway leading up to Masada. Our camp, by aneroid, was 
563ft. above the Dead Sea; thermometer 80° at 5 30 p.m. The 
horses were watered at a spring about a mile to the north. 

November 11, Sunday, — I walked part of the way up the moun- 
tain, passed a cavef in the limestone rock, and ascended to 429 ft. 
above the camp, when I found the path so narrow, with loose stones 
and precipitous sides, that I returned. 

November 12. — We left Sebbeh at 8 a.m. ; the air had a sul- 
phurous smell. We rode along what appeared to be an old Roman 
road, the stones being cleared for about 20 ft. in width, nearly in 
a straight course. At 8*30 a.m. we came to a coarse sandstone, in 
thin layers, dipping s.e. about 10° ; the stratification of the moun- 
tains appeared to be nearly horizontal. At 8*45 we came to the 
Wadi of Drippings, the outlet of the brook which we crossed from 
Hebron, and it took us 12 minutes to ride across the Wadi. At 
9*12 we passed an Arab encampment, where the Sheikh and most 
of his men had spent Sunday. It bore due west of the north end 
of El Lisan. At 10*26 we passed the Wadi el Khubera, or the 
Spies. At 11*22 we rode down on to the plain Birket el Khalil, 
where tradition says that Abraham turned the salt into stone. 



# Circumvallation of Silva according to Josephus. 
t Mogharat el Kebrit of Lynch. 



12 



Poole's Report of a Journey in Palestine. 



Numerous small heaps of calcareous matter are scattered about, 
which look like salt-heaps at a distance. I observed a sulphurous 
smell coming from the sea at this point. At 1*2-15 we arrived at 
the base of Engedi, which we ascended as high as the spring, which 
was 83° of temperature, the air being 86°.* By aneroid, the spring 
was 710 ft. above the Dead Sea. Some Arabs of the Rashidy tribe 
were there, and talked very angrily of Abu Daouk taking strangers 
through their territory, until the Tamari told them that Elijah 
Mashallam was from Artas, when they became very civil ; they 
said, " They and the heir of Artas were all of one tribe." There 
were the remains of a mill at the spring. The fruit of the osher- 
tree was much smaller than those gathered on the Ghor. A little 
attention to irrigation would make the whole of the hill-side very 
fruitful, and the remains of former terraces were clearly visible. 
We descended to our camp, which we reached at 2*10 p.m., situated 
by a spring of good water, and shaded by a belt of gigantic 
reeds. The Arabs bought a lamb, which they roasted in a hole of 
heated rocks. The cliff was about 200 ft. high on the north side 
of the stream, composed of coarse and fine limestone, flints, and 
sand. About midway up there were numerous caves, but quite 
inaccessible to us. 

November 13. — We left Engedi at 8*45 a.m., and rode along 
upon the plain until 10 a.m., when we had to take a path over the 
mountain side, which was most execrable, being full of large 
boulders, through which there was great difficulty in getting the 
baggage-mules. We ascended 200 ft., then came down again on 
to the shore at 1 1 a.m. We passed by an apparent crater, called 
Khmeid, and began to ascend a second mountain at 11 '45. We 
gained the summit of the first ridge at 12 ; the north end of El 
Lisan bore s. 23 e. ; the height of ridge was 240 ft. above the Dead 
Sea. At 1*40 p.m. we reached the next ridge, 509 ft. up ; the 
road was so bad that we had to unload the mules, and the men 
carried the baggage up a short distance ; and they had to hold to 
the baggage and the mules' tails to check them in their descent. 
We did not appear to be half way up the mountains. We again 
reached the shore at 2*05 p.m., crossed a plain, and began to ascend, 
at 2*20 p.m., another mountain ; at 3*30 p.m. we reached a table- 
land, 740 ft. above the Dead Sea, having crossed a succession of 
limestone-rocks, with steep banks on each side. We rode along 
this table-land north for a quarter of an hour, with a gradual fall 
towards the sea. The view was magnificent, and I could see Kerak 
tower very distinctly in the distance. We ascended another ridge 
for 14 minutes — height by aneroid 894 ft. — the main mountain 
still towering above us ; we then made a rapid descent over sharp 
flints, with coarse conglomerate stones in the torrent's course, and 



* Kerak bore s. 26 e. North point of El Lisan bore s. 28 e. 



Poole's Report of a Journey in Palestine. 



13 



perpendicular rocks on our right hand. We arrived at the Ghor 
at 4*25 p.m., where I saw a heap of ruins, which I thought might 
have been a well. We then rode through the reeds to the shore, 
where fresh water springs up close to the edge of the sea, and 
which I think must be covered by the sea when it rises from 
the winter rain. Temperature of air was 84° ; Dead Sea 80° ; 
spring 79°. The water from the latter tasted soft and sweet, while 
that of the sea was so saturated that I could see the brine floating 
in it. The mules did not arrive until 5 p.m., and were much 
fatigued with their day's work. The Tamari picked up a small 
piece of asphalt, of which we found very little during the whole of 
our journey.* 

November 14. — I left the camp at 7*35 a.m., and walked along 
the shore about half a mile, when I came to a salt-spring, coming 
out from under a large rock near the sea, and 3 ft. above its level, 
and the temperature 80° : I took a bottle of it. I then walked 
on to the chief springs of fresh water, half a mile farther ; the tem- 
perature of them was 80°. I saw a number of small fish, 
" Lebras," from -j an inch to 3 inches in length, of the same 
kind as previously caught ; but we could only catch one of them, 
from the water being abundant, and not able to confine them 
in a small space. We also collected a number of black shells, 
" Melanopsis," We left the springs at 9*45 a.m. ; they extend 
for a considerable distance along the shore, and must yield a great 
many thousand gallons of water every 24 hours. At 10*20 a.m. 
we passed a cave, high up in the rocks, directly opposite to the 
mouth of the Callirhoe springs, and from which water appears 
sometimes to have flowed. At 11 a.m. we reached the dry bed 
of the brook " Kedron," and picked up " a small turreted shell ;" 
at 1120 we rode near to some ruins on the north side of the 
brook, but I did not go to them, as we had to ascend the moun- 
tain. At 11-45 we reached the pass in the first ridge, about 
730 ft. ; at 12-20 we came to the second pass, where one of the 
mules fell with my luggage, and all would have rolled down the 
cliff from a height of 1226 ft. if the Arab leading it had not kept 
firm hold of the halter, and got him unloaded. We reached the 
summit, 1340 ft., at 1 p.m., from whence I observed that there was 
a table-land or level plain, about the same height, on the opposite 
shore of the Dead Sea, extending from the Callirhoe springs to the 
north end of the sea. The sea was remarkably calm, and reflected 
the sky and mountains in a very wonderful manner. We now rode 
inland for some distance, and did not appear to be very far from 
the Frank mountain, bearing s.w. The rocks were chalk, with 
hard horizontal bands of limestone running through them. Mashal- 

* North end of El Lisan bore s- 10 e. 
Mouth of Kiver Arnon s. 40 e. 

„ „ Callirhoe n. 85 e. 



14 Poole's Report of a Journey in Palestine. 

lam picked up a flattened fossil-shell, like turritella. I observed 
that these mountain-tops were of the same white and sulphurous 
limestone as in the plain. If they were of the same geological 
age, and at one time level with the plain before the destruction 
of Sodom and Gomorrah, those cities would have been nearly of 
the same level as the Mediterranean. At 2*05 p.m. we came to a 
small conical hill, where we had a fine view of the valley of Ghom- 
ran and the surrounding hills. Abu Daouk wanted to camp there, 
but I would not consent, so we pushed on until we came to the cliff 
above the ruins of Ghomran ; the height was 951 ft. above the sea. 
A good deal of bituminous limestone was lying about. 

November 15. — I arranged for the baggage to go direct to 
Jericho, while Mashallam, the Sheikh, and four Arabs accom- 
panied me to visit the ruins at the foot of the mountain : it was a 
very winding path and quite narrow in some places, so that a loaded 
mule could not have passed down. Abu Daouk boasted that he 
had once driven seventy camels up this pass on a very dark night, 
when closely pursued, and so eluded his pursuers, who thought to 
have found him encamped at Ain el Feshkah. We passed a small 
cave, whence hot air issued. We reached the ruins at 8 '15, 
having descended 7 1 3 ft. I found the remains of an aqueduct, 
walls, pools, and some buildings: one pool measured 58 X 17 in- 
side and 11 ft. deep ; it had been plastered on large unhewn stones. 
A smaller pool measured 21 X 9 ft. ; it was filled up with rubbish. 
The main wall was close to the side of the large pool on the sea- 
side, between which and the sea were a number of graves. One of 
them I had opened was 6 ft. long by 3 ft. wide, and 4 ft. 10 in. 
deep : it was built up on all four sides with rough stones and square 
corners ; there were no osseous remains traceable. The ruins were 
238 ft. above the Dead Sea, and the base of the hills, containing 
the graves, about 100 ft. above the sea. From the state of the 
ruins and graves, I should think Ghomran must have been a much 
more modern town than the supposed Gomorrah of De Saulcy. 
We left the seashore at 9 53 a.m. and rode across the plain to 
Jericho, and saw a good deal of bituminous limestone scattered 
about. We passed some dry watercourses, which had lately had 
water in them, and crossed some sulphurous chalk-hills ; picked up 
some spar. The ground was full of holes, made by a species of 
mole, called " gerdy," which made it dangerous to ride fast. Flints 
were strewed over the plain. The stratification of the mountains 
on the west side dips gradually to the north, so that opposite to 
Jericho the same strata are down on the plain which were on the 
mountain tops at Ghomran. We arrived at the tent, which was 
pitched near the guardhouse at Jericho, at 2 p.m. ; thermometer hf 
tent 91°. A running stream passed close by. The village wag 
a dirty, miserable-looking place, with stone walls, and branches of 
trees formed the roofs of the houses. A guard of fifty Turkish 



Poole's Report of a Journey in Palestine. 



15 



soldiers live in the tower to collect the taxes and protect travellers. 
Maize, wheat, indigo, and egg-plants thrive there ; potatoes have 
also succeeded very well. Jericho, by aneroid, was 516 ft. above 
the Dead Sea. The thermometer fell to 62° at 6 p.m., and was at 
60° at 10 p.m. I felt very cold, and could not get to sleep. Jack- 
als made a continual howling during the night. 

November 16. — I heard that there was war between two tribes 
of Bedouins on the eastern shore of the Jordan, which prevented 
intercourse with the people on that side. I observed that trees 
grew on the tops of the mountains of the e., which was not the 
case on the w. side of the Jordan and Dead Sea. We left Je- 
richo for the Jordan at 9 a.m., and soon after observed the founda- 
tions of walls and heaps of ruins, but not such large stones as on the 
shore of the Dead Sea. We crossed a dry river bed ; the plain 
had a gradual slope towards the Jordan, with shrubs in clumps. 
We reached the Jordan at lO 40 a.m. ; by aneroid the " Pilgrim's 
bathing-place" was 104 feet above the Dead Sea. The waters 
flowed rapidly, but were very muddy ; the temperature was 64°, 
that of the air being 80°. I collected three kinds of shells (one a 
bivalve) ; crabs * were also seen in the river. Several poplars were 
growing on the bank, also willows and tamarisks. Palms I did 
not see, although the whole coast of the Dead Sea is strewed with 
them. The river was about 50 yards wide at that spot : I saw 
only one hawk and a kingfisher flying over its surface. At 1 1 *30 
a.m. we left the Jordan, and at 12 passed over about 20 yards of 
aqueduct ; soon after we came to a stone well in the bed of the 
river, but it was only 6^ feet deep and full of stagnant water, 
being 250 feet above the Jordan. The banks of that river were so 
winding and thickly wooded that I could not take any bearings of 
the surrounding country. We then visited the ruins of the church 
of St. John, bearing s. 48 e. from Jericho.")* At 2- 10 p.m. we left the 
ruins, and a few minutes' riding took us across the bed of the first 
river ; in three-quarters of an hour we crossed the bed of the 
Jericho river, and returned to our camp at 3*15 p.m. 

November 17. — Up at 3*45 a.m.; thermometer 57°. We left 
Jericho at 6 - 50 a.m.. just as the sun rose above the mountains of 
Moab. We rode through what must have been a fine garden in 
the bed of the river Araba, then passed under an aqueduct, of 
which I counted 11 arches, spanning the river, which appeared 
in good preservation ; soon after we passed another aqueduct in 
ruins, only two arches remaining : then the sides of a third aque- 
duct were traceable nearer to the mountain : all of them had 
brought water from the river of Jericho to irrigate the plain 



* Thelphusis. 

f North end of Dead Sea bore s. 45 e. 
Ain el Feshkah, or Stride, s. 23 w. 



16 



Poole's Report of a Journey in Palestine. 



towards the Dead Sea. We rode up on the n. side of the river 
Araba for some miles, the rocks being limestone. The road was 
in many places very winding and steep. At 9*23 a.m. we came to a 
pass, called the Khan Khatrude, with a well, where the pilgrims, 
in general, rested ; we then descended for a short time, and 
crossed at 9*40 the plain of the Robbers. At 10*30 we reached 
the point where the road joins from Nebi Musa; and at 11*25 
a.m. we stopped to drink at the spring of the Apostles ; tempera- 
ture of water 71°. We passed through Bethany at 12 05, and 
arrived at Jerusalem at 12*50. The thermometer in my room 
was 60°. The baggage-mules did not arrive until three hours 
later. 

November 18 {Sunday).- — I had an attack of fever and ague in 
the afternoon, which 1 fear was caused by our camping on damp 
ground at Jericho. 

November 19. — I was engaged settling the accounts of Fad- 
lalleh and the Tamari. Abu Daouk sent word that he was ill. 
Elijah Mashallam was also complaining of fever and ague from 
the cold : the change was so great and sudden, 60 instead of 90 
degrees in 4 hours. 

November 20. — I felt so ill that I was not able to go anywhere, 
and remained in Jerusalem until the 26th, when I left for Jaffa, 
to be in time for the steamer proceeding to Alexandria. I got to 
Ramleh at 6 p.m., and stopped at the convent all night. 

November 27. — I left Ramleh at 5*35 a.m., and rode to Jaffa 
in two hours and twenty minutes, where I rested until 1 p.m., 
when I went on board the steamer, which left for Alexandria at 

5 P.M. 

[P.S. I beg to send in a section of levellings made by me in Palestine with 
the aneroid metallique.] 



London : Printed by William Clowes and Sons, Stamford Street, 
and Charing Cross. 



Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. 
Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
Treatment Date: Dec. 2002 

PreservationTechnologies 

A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 

1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive 
Cranberry Township, PA 16066 
(724) 779-21 1 1 



C< C C 

C u. C 
o c 
c < 

c c 
c c 

C C 

c c , 
c c; 



r c c - 

r < ( i 
C c « 

c :< 

fc£CC* 
Ccttc. 

C CC c 

^ .cc 

2< £ cc 

cr «■ c S ^ 



cc c 

c c: 

M 

c <r 

c <: <r 

c CC 



CC(C; 

cc < 

oca c 
C'd C 
CC€C 

c cc 

C Ci c 
c c c 

C< c < 



mm m 



CC 

in* 

— V «r 



c CC 
e CC 

r 8i 

« <rc 
<cfC 



? . C a c C 
:" C-^l 5 
c < c > 
C < / c 

m i 

c egg 
C cm £ 



<C c 5, 

«r c *S 



: c c 

a: <r 
: c 
& c 
c c 
c c 
c c 
c c 
c c 



c cccc 
DC® 

c c £ 
c c C 

C. < C 



c « 

<r < 

c ^ 

C C^ 

•<c ^ 

c o 

C <( 

c 

C <• 
C 

c • • 

c 

c 

<3 
C 
C 
d 

C < 

C € 

c c 



J C cc 1 

: c c< -> 

' c cc^c* 

C Cf : M\CC 

C Ccc.cc • 

C C < < CX. 

cC • C^ c< 

; C CC CC 

: C Cc<c ; CC 

c ••■ o a c < 

: CC C g V. 

cc c c 

ttCr <T ■ C 

c c c ■ c 
^ cr <•• >■ 
. ■ « c CL c<.k c 
< ci* c 
« <T c C 

c c c,c 

; <L C- C , 

C C c 

ci c c( - 9 

" cm€% £ 



c c a 

C C«i 

c ' ■ *• <a 

c c at 
c|<r 

^< ^ 

C<S::OT 

c <c 

<r o 

: C C 
c c 

c c 

r <r , 



e c c 
c c c 

'C CO 



cx<. car 
<c<. 

cc £ 



cc: 



^<cncr 

cKcOir 

CC5<^ 
CcscJiL 
ccCC 

C1«3C 

c-offlE 
ccc«: 



^(C Cc. 5 

. <;cc ; ( - . < 

dCC - c -, 5 
«C€c< ^ 

ccc.c 
crccc 

CXlCC 

- CCCC 
f CC(C 

> cc c 

vsr .i < .C AJs 



^1 



<c c 

cc 5, 

(.<c 5 



op 



